Dr. Tal Shapira

ZEAL (Zero-shot Engine for IoT Asset Labeling) is an open-source system that labels never-seen IoT devices by finding their vendor (e.g., Xiaomi, TP-Link) and function (e.g., Light, Plug) based on textual features extracted from the device network traffic, such as domains and hostnames. The system gets as an input features and enriches them using online searches.

Then, it applies a string-matching algorithm to label its vendor and large language model (LLM) to label its function. The system is implemented as a serverless architecture on AWS, ZEAL utilizes services such as Lambda, Elastic File System (EFS), and S3, ensuring scalability but economic implementation. This demonstration showcases ZEAL’s ability to enhance network visibility and asset management by accurately labeling devices with minimal prior knowledge. The system is open-source publicly accessible via API and GUI for research and business applications (https://labelmydevice.com), licensed under the Apache License 2.0.

With 95% of Internet traffic now encrypted, an
effective approach to classifying this traffic is crucial for network security and management. This paper introduces ECHO—a novel optimization process for ML/DL-based encrypted traffic classification that can significantly improve many suggested classification schemes. ECHO targets both classification time and memory utilization and incorporates two innovative techniques.
The first component, HO (Hyperparameter Optimization of
binnings), aims at creating efficient traffic representations. While previous research often uses representations that map packet sizes and packet arrival times to fixed-sized bins, we show that non-uniform binnings are significantly more efficient. These non-uniform binnings are derived by employing a hyperparameter optimization algorithm in the training stage. HO significantly improves accuracy given a required representation size, or,
equivalently, achieves comparable accuracy using smaller representations.
Then, we explore EC (Early Classification of traffic), which
enables faster classification using a cascade of classifiers adapted for different exit times, where classification is based on the level of confidence. EC reduces the average classification latency by up to 90%. Remarkably, this method not only maintains classification accuracy but also, in certain cases, improves it.
Using three publicly available datasets, we demonstrate that
the combined method, Early Classification with Hyperparameter Optimization (ECHO), leads to a significant improvement in classification efficiency.
Index Terms—traffic classification, encrypted traffic, machine
learning, Bayesian optimization.

The proliferation of software vulnerabilities poses a significant challenge for security databases and analysts tasked with their timely identification, classification, and remediation. With the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) reporting an ever-increasing number of vulnerabilities, the traditional manual analysis becomes untenably time-consuming and prone to errors. This paper introduces \VulnScopper, an innovative approach that utilizes multi-modal representation learning, combining Knowledge Graphs (KG) and Natural Language Processing (NLP), to automate and enhance the analysis of software vulnerabilities. Leveraging ULTRA, a knowledge graph foundation model, combined with a Large Language Model (LLM),  VulnScopper effectively handles unseen entities, overcoming the limitations of previous KG approaches.

We evaluate VulnScopper on two major security datasets, the NVD and the Red Hat CVE database. Our method significantly improves the link prediction accuracy between Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs), Common Weakness Enumeration (CWEs), and Common Platform Enumerations (CPEs). Our results show that VulnScopper outperforms existing methods, achieving up to 78% Hits@10 accuracy in linking CVEs to CPEs and CWEs and presenting an 11.7% improvement over large language models in predicting CWE labels based on the Red Hat database.
Based on the NVD, only 6.37% of the linked CPEs are being published during the first 30 days; many of them are related to critical and high-risk vulnerabilities which, according to multiple compliance frameworks (such as CISA and PCI), should be remediated within 15-30 days. We provide an analysis of several CVEs published during 2023, showcasing the ability of our model to uncover new products previously unlinked to vulnerabilities. As such, our approach dramatically reduces the vulnerability remediation time and improves the vulnerability management process.

The IoT market is diverse and characterized by a multitude of vendors that support different device functions (e.g., speaker, camera, vacuum cleaner, etc.). Within this market, IoT security
and observability systems use real-time identification techniques to manage these devices effectively. Most existing IoT identification solutions employ machine learning techniques
that assume the IoT device, labeled by both its vendor and function, was observed during their training phase. We tackle a key challenge in IoT labeling: how can an AI solution
label an IoT device that has never been seen before and whose label is unknown?

Our solution extracts textual features such as domain names and hostnames from network traffic, and then enriches these features using Google search data alongside catalog of vendors
and device functions. The solution also integrates an auto-update mechanism that uses Large Language Models (LLMs) to update these catalogs with emerging device types.
Based on the information gathered, the device’s vendor is identified through string matching with the enriched features.
The function is then deduced by LLMs and zero-shot classification from a predefined catalog of IoT functions. In an evaluation of our solution on 97 unique IoT devices,
our function labeling approach achieved HIT1 and HIT2 scores of 0.7 and 0.77, respectively. As far as we know, this is the first research to tackle AI-automated IoT labeling.

With 95% of Internet traffic now encrypted, an effective approach to classifying this traffic is crucial for network security and management. This paper introduces ECHO — a novel optimization process for ML/DL-based encrypted traffic classification. ECHO targets both classification time and memory utilization and incorporates two innovative techniques.
The first component, HO (Hyperparameter Optimization of binnings), aims at creating efficient traffic representations. While previous research often uses representations that map packet sizes and packet arrival times to fixed-sized bins, we show that non-uniform binnings are significantly more efficient. These non-uniform binnings are derived by employing a hyperparameter optimization algorithm in the training stage. HO significantly improves accuracy given a required representation size, or, equivalently, achieves comparable accuracy using smaller representations.
Then, we introduce EC (Early Classification of traffic), which enables faster classification using a cascade of classifiers adapted for different exit times, where classification is based on the level of confidence. EC reduces the average classification latency by up to 90\%. Remarkably, this method not only maintains classification accuracy but also, in certain cases, improves it.
Using three publicly available datasets, we demonstrate that the combined method, Early Classification with Hyperparameter Optimization (ECHO), leads to a significant improvement in classification efficiency.